USAID: Investing in Primary Education for the Sustainable Development of Pakistan

Sajida Zia; Sobia Siddique; Saddam Hussain; Tehzeeb Bano; Mehak Shahzad

doi:10.21601/ejosdr/11194

Full Text (PDF)

Sajida Zia ¹ ^* , Sobia Siddique ¹, Saddam Hussain ¹, Tehzeeb Bano ¹, Mehak Shahzad ¹

More Detail

¹ National University of Sciences and Technology, NUST, Islamabad, PAKISTAN^* Corresponding Author

Abstract

Human and educational development is a prerequisite for the socio-economic development of a country. Pakistan is struggling hard to enhance quality and access of primary education to children of all the regions. USAID’s partnership with local organizations and government has made gigantic efforts to raise level of equitable access to education particularly in less developed regions of the country through engagement in certain bilateral operations by providing assistance. Pakistan has multiple constraints in its educational sector; low budget, weak governance, corruption and insecurity. Since, it cannot overcome these obstacles without foreign assistance. This paper highlights the role and interventions of USAID in Pakistan for the improvement of primary education through secondary research methodology. Findings of the results shows that USAID has played a positive role in promoting the primary educational sector through improved curriculum, schools construction, teachers training and reduction in community specific barriers. Thus, it is concluded that USAID through its initiatives has driven towards fulfilling the gap in an efficient manner.

Keywords

USAID
primary education
development
empowerment
assistance
Pakistan

License

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Article Type: Research Article

EUR J SUSTAIN DEV RES, Volume 5, Issue 4, 2021, Article No: em0169

https://doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/11194

Publication date: 31 Aug 2021

Article Views: 2025

Article Downloads: 2301

Open Access References How to cite this article

References

Ahmad, I., Rauf, M., Rashid, A., ur Rehman, S. and Salam, M. (2013). Analysis of the problems of primary education system in Pakistan: Critical review of literature. Academic Research International, 4(2), 324. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v3i2.1805
Alam, G. M. (2009). The role of science and technology education at network age population for sustainable development of Bangladesh through human resource advancement. Scientific Research and Essays, 4(11), 1260-1270.
Alderman, H. and Chishti, S. (1991). Simultaneous determination of household and market-oriented activities of women in rural Pakistan. Research in Population Economics, 7, 245-265.
Alesina, A. and Dollar, D. (2000). Who gives foreign aid to whom and why?. Journal of Economic Growth, 5(1), 33-63. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009874203400
Aly, J. H. (2007). Education in Pakistan: A white paper (revised). Documentation to Debate and Finalize the National Education Policy. Islamabad: Government of Pakistan, National Education Policy Review Team.
Annual Status of Education Report: ASER Pakistan 2015 National (Urban). Available at: http://aserpakistan.org/document/aser/2015/reports/national/ASER_National_Report_2015.pdf
Anzar, U., Harpring, S., Cohen, J. and Leu, E. (2004). Retrospective Pilot Study of USAID-Funded Education Projects in Malawi. Online Submission.
Ashraf, D. and Farah, I. (2007). Education and women’s empowerment: Re-examining the relationship. Education, gender and empowerment: Perspectives from South Asia, 15.
Aslam, M. (2009). The relative effectiveness of government and private schools in Pakistan: are girls worse off?. Education Economics, 17(3), 329-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290903142635
Awan, A. G. and Zia, A. (2015). Comparative Analysis of Public and Private Educational Institutions: A case study of District Vehari-Pakistan. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(16), 122-130.
Ayaz, A. and Saleem, S. (2010). Neonatal mortality and prevalence of practices for newborn care in a squatter settlement of Karachi, Pakistan: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 5(11), e13783. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013783
Bano, M. (2006). Self-interest, rationality and cooperative behaviour: Aid and problems of cooperation within voluntary groups in Pakistan (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford).
Bano, M. (2008). Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) as ‘anchor’of educational reforms: lessons from Pakistan. Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2009.
Benoliel, S., O’Gara, C. and Miske, S. J. (1997). Focus on Girls: USAID Programs and Policies in Education. Center for Information and Evaluation, USAID. Washington, DC.
Birchler, K. and Michaelowa, K. (2016). Making aid work for education in developing countries: An analysis of aid effectiveness for primary education coverage and quality. International Journal of Educational Development, 48, 37-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.11.008
Birdsall, N., Levine, R. and Ibrahim, A. (2005). Towards universal primary education: investments, incentives, and institutions. European Journal of Education, 40(3), 337-349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3435.2005.00230.x
Brautigam, D. A. and Knack, S. (2004). Foreign aid, institutions, and governance in sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 52(2), 255-285. https://doi.org/10.1086/380592
Bray, M. (2003). Community initiatives in education: Goals, dimensions and linkages with governments. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 33(1), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057920302598
Buchert, L. (1995). The concept of Education for All: what has happened after Jomtien?. International Review of Education / Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft / Revue Internationale de l’Education, 41(6), 537-549. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01263146
Burian, S. J., Ward, M., Banuri, T., Chaudhry, M. A., et al. (2017). Higher education capacity building in water resources engineering and management to support achieving the sustainable development goal for water in Pakistan. American Society for Engineering Education. https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--28437
Bushra, Z. and Amjad, A. (2017). Women, children, and terrorism: social, economic and political costs (empirical investigation from Pakistan 2002–2015). Rom J Econ, 44, 107-120.
Butz, D. (2015). Education for development in northern Pakistan. Opportunities and constraints for rural households.
Chabbott, C. (2003). Constructing education for development: International organizations and education for all. Psychology Press.
Change, G. A. C. O. G. (2013). World in transition 4: Fighting poverty through environmental policy. Routledge.
Chapman, D. W. and Quijada, J. J. (2009). An analysis of USAID assistance to basic education in the developing world, 1990–2005. International Journal of Educational Development, 29(3), 268-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2008.08.005
Cheema, A. R. (2017). Education: What’s holding back rural Pakistan from achieving education for all? Dawn, Sunday Magazine. Available at: https://www.dawn.com/news/1308070 (Accessed: 11 July 2020).
Curtis, L. A. (2007). US aid to Pakistan: Countering extremism through education reform. Washington DC: Heritage Foundation.
Davies, L. (2008). Education against extremism. Stoke on Trent, UK: Trentham Books.
Devarajan, S. and Swaroop, V. (1999). The implications of foreign aid fungibility for development assistance. The World Bank: Structure and Policies, 196-209. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511560002.008
Dobers, P. and Halme, M. (2009). Corporate social responsibility and developing countries. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 16(5), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.212
Dreher, A., Gaston, N. and Martens, P. (2008). Measuring globalisation. Gauging its Consequences. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74069-0
Dreher, A., Nunnenkamp, P. and Thiele, R. (2008). Does aid for education educate children? Evidence from panel data. The World Bank Economic Review, 22(2), 291-314. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhn003
Edwards Jr, D. B. (2013). International processes of education policy formation: An analytic framework and the case of Plan 2021 in El Salvador. Comparative Education Review, 57(1), 22-53. https://doi.org/10.1086/668481
Edwards Jr, D. B., Libreros, J. A. V. and Martin, P. (2015). The geometry of policy implementation: Lessons from the political economy of three education reforms in El Salvador during 1990–2005. International Journal of Educational Development, 44, 28-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.05.001
Ekaju, J. (2011). An investigation into the relationship between the 1997 Universal Primary Education (UPE) policy and regional poverty and educational inequalities in Uganda (1997-2007) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Glasgow). https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2012.632842
Enders, J. (2004). Higher education, internationalisation, and the nation-state: Recent developments and challenges to governance theory. Higher education, 47(3), 361-382. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HIGH.0000016461.98676.30
Farah, I. and Rizvi, S. (2007). Public–private partnerships: Implications for primary schooling in Pakistan. Social Policy & Administration, 41(4), 339-354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2007.00557.x
Farooq, M., Hedieh, M. and Waleed, Z. (2009). Developing FATA, A white paper for USAID. A white paper prepared for United States Agency for International Development.
Finkel, S. E. and Ernst, H. R. (2005). Civic education in post‐apartheid South Africa: Alternative paths to the development of political knowledge and democratic values. Political Psychology, 26(3), 333-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00421.x
Ginsburg, M., Klauss, R., Nankhuni, F., Nyirongo, L., Omowoyela, J. S., Richardson, E., ... & Willimann, C. (2014). Engaging community members in enhancing educational quality: Studies of the implementation of the Primary School Improvement Programme in Malawi. Southern African Review of Education with Education with Production, 20(1), 30-57.
Government of Balochistan Education Department. (1997). Balochistan Education Management Information System (BEMIS) Data.
Grantham-McGregor, S., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Richter, L., Strupp, B. and International Child Development Steering Group. (2007). Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. The Lancet, 369(9555), 60-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4
Gylfason, T. (2001). Natural resources, education, and economic development. European Economic Review, 45(4-6), 847-859. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00127-1
Harvey, L. (2000). New realities: The relationship between higher education and employment. Tertiary Education & Management, 6(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2000.9967007
Hewson, M., Sinclair, T. J. and Sinclair, T. (Eds.). (1999). Approaches to global governance theory. Suny Press.
Hill, M. A. and King, E. (1995). Women’s education and economic well-being. Feminist Economics, 1(2), 21-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/714042230
Hsieh, H. F. and Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), 1277-1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Hunzai, Z. N. (2007). Early years education in Pakistan: trends, issues and strategies. International Journal of Early Years Education, 15(3), 297-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760701516975
Hussain, R. and Ali, S. (2010). Improving public school teachers in Pakistan: Challenges and opportunities. Improving Schools, 13(1), 70-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480209352404
Inayat, M. (2012). Towards universal primary education: a case study of US development assistance to education reform in Pakistan (Master’s thesis, Universitetet i Tromsø).
Kadzamira, E. and Rose, P. (2003). Can free primary education meet the needs of the poor?: evidence from Malawi. International Journal of Educational Development, 23(5), 501-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(03)00026-9
Kazmi, S. W. and Quran, H. (2005). Role of education in globalization: A case for Pakistan. SAARC Journal of Human Resource Development, 1(1), 90-107.
Kerwin, D. (2016). How robust refugee protection policies can strengthen human and national security. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 4(3), 83-140. https://doi.org/10.14240/jmhs.v4i3.64
Khan, M. A., Kanwal, N. and Wang, L. (2018). Violent attacks on education in the tribal areas of Pakistan and the role of NGOs in providing educational services. Conflict, Security & Development, 18(2), 113-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2018.1447861
King, E. M. and Hill, M. A. (1993). Women’s education in developing countries: Barriers, benefits, and policies. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8018-4534-3
Kleemeier, E. (2000). The impact of participation on sustainability: an analysis of the Malawi rural piped scheme program. World Development, 28(5), 929-944. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00155-2
Kumi, E., Ibrahim, M. and Yeboah, T. (2017). Aid volatility and structural economic transformation in sub-Saharan Africa.
Leithwood, K. and Mascall, B. (2009). Distributing leadership to make schools smarter: Taking the ego out of the system (pp. 241-270). Routledge.
Lum, T. and Margesson, R. (2014). Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda): US and international response to Philippines disaster. Current Politics and Economics of South, Southeastern, and Central Asia, 23(2), 209.
Malik, R. (2007). Aid effectiveness and the role of donor intervention in the education sector in Pakistan-a review of issues and literature.
Malik, R. and Naveed, A. (2012). Financing education in Pakistan: The impact of public expenditure and aid on educational outcomes. Research Consortium on Educational Outcomes and Poverty (RECOUP).
Mamoon, D. (2018). Progressing Pakistan should ensure quality education for all. Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 5(1), 9-14.
Manion, C. and Menashy, F. (2013). The prospects and challenges of reforming the World Bank’s approach to gender and education: Exploring the value of the capability policy model in The Gambia. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 14(2), 214-240. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2012.693909
Memon, G. R. (2007). Education in Pakistan: The key issues, problems and the new challenges. Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 3(1), 47-55.
Miller-Grandvaux, Y. and Yoder, K. (2002). A literature review of community schools in Africa.
Mirahmadi, H., Ziad, W., Farooq, M. and Lamb, R. (2016). Empowering Pakistan’s civil society to counter violent extremism. Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 8(1), 188. https://doi.org/10.22381/CRLSJ8120168
Moreland, S. and Talbird, S. (2006). Achieving the millennium development goals: The contribution of fulfilling the unmet need for family planning.
Morse, J. M. (2003). Principles of mixed methods and multimethod research design. Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research, 1, 189-208.
Mundy, K. (2008). From NGOs to CSOs: Social Citizenship, Civil Society and “Education for All”--An Agenda for Further Research. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 10, 32-40.
Naviwala, N. (2010). Harnessing local capacity: US assistance and NGOs in Pakistan. John F. Kennedy School of Government.
Naviwala, N. (2016). Pakistan’s education crisis: The real story. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
Nishimura, M., Yamano, T. and Sasaoka, Y. (2008). Impacts of the universal primary education policy on educational attainment and private costs in rural Uganda. International Journal of Educational Development, 28(2), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2006.09.017
Novelli, M. and Cardozo, M. T. L. (2008). Conflict, education and the global south: New critical directions. International Journal of Educational Development, 28(4), 473-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2008.01.004
Oduro, G., Dachi, H., Fertig, M. and Rarieya, J. (2007). Research project–leadership and management of change for quality improvement.
Owusu, M. B. (2018). Aid for basic education development in Ghana–the recipients’ experience (Doctoral dissertation, University of Glasgow).
Ozgercin, K. V. and Weiss, T. G. (2009). The evolution of global governance: theory and practice. International Relations: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, 137-155.
Padgett, D. K. (2016). Qualitative methods in social work research (Vol. 36). Sage publications.
Parker, F. (2000). UNESCO’s aid to teacher education in Africa. Peabody Journal of Education, 48(2), 167-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/01619567109537784
Pilgrim, N., Mathur, S., Gottert, A., Rutenberg, N. and Pulerwitz, J. (2016). Building evidence to guide PrEP introduction for adolescent girls and young women. https://doi.org/10.31899/hiv7.1008
Rahman, T. (2010). National Institute of Pakistan Studies October 2010.
Rajkumar, A. S. and Swaroop, V. (2008). Public spending and outcomes: Does governance matter?. Journal of Development Economics, 86(1), 96-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.08.003
Rashid, A. (2000). Engaging with Basic Education in Pakistan. SAHE Education Watch Report. Lahore: SAHE.
Rehman Cheema, A. and Ali, S. (2017). Beyond Tayyaba: tackling rural poverty to reduce child labour. South Asia@ LSE.
Robert, K. W., Parris, T. M. and Leiserowitz, A. A. (2005). What is sustainable development? Goals, indicators, values, and practice. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 47(3), 8-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.2005.10524444
Ruggie, J. G. (2014). Global governance and “new governance theory”: Lessons from business and human rights. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 20(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02001002
Sajid, I. (2012). Over 3,000 schools destroyed in militancy, disasters: Official. The Express Tribune, June 15. Available at: https://tribune.com.pk/story/393911/over-3000-804schools-destroyed-in-militancy-disasters-official (Accessed: 11 July 2020).
Schiefelbein, E. and Simmons, J. (2005). Determinants of school achievement: a review of the research for developing countries. Manuscript reports/IDRC; 9.
Scholte, J. A. (2002). Civil society and democracy in global governance. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 8(3), 281-304. https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-00803004
Shah, G. H., Bari, F. and Ejaz, N. (2005). The role of NGOs in basic and primary education in Pakistan: NGO pulse report. Lahore University of Management Sciences.
Shah, G. H., Bari, F. and Ejaz, N. (2005). The role of NGOs in basic and primary education in Pakistan: NGO pulse report. Lahore University of Management Sciences.
Shah, N. M., Ahmad, N. and Sathar, Z. A. (1986). Changes in Female Roles in Pakistan: Are the Volume and Pace Adequate? [with Comments]. The Pakistan Development Review, 25(3), 339-369. https://doi.org/10.30541/v25i3pp.339-369
Stewart, D. W. and Kamins, M. A. (1993). Secondary research: Information sources and methods (Vol. 4). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985802
Teegen, H., Doh, J. P. and Vachani, S. (2004). The importance of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in global governance and value creation: An international business research agenda. Journal of international business studies, 35(6), 463-483. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400112
Unterhalter, E. (2017). A review of public private partnerships around girls’ education in developing countries: Flicking gender equality on and off. Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 33(2), 181-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2017.1328612
Vare, P. and Scott, W. (2007). Learning for a change: Exploring the relationship between education and sustainable development. Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 1(2), 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1177/097340820700100209
Verger, A. (2012). Framing and selling global education policy: the promotion of public–private partnerships for education in low-income contexts. Journal of Education Policy, 27(1), 109-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2011.623242
Watson, C., Lone, T., Qazi, U., Smith, G. and Rashid, F. (2016). Shock-responsive social protection systems research.
Welch, A. R. and Zhen, Z. (2008). Higher education and global talent flows: Brain drain, overseas Chinese intellectuals, and diasporic knowledge networks. Higher Education Policy, 21(4), 519-537. https://doi.org/10.1057/hep.2008.20
Zaidi, S. A. (2011). Who benefits from US aid to Pakistan?. Economic and Political Weekly, 103-109.

How to cite this article

APA

Zia, S., Siddique, S., Hussain, S., Bano, T., & Shahzad, M. (2021). USAID: Investing in Primary Education for the Sustainable Development of Pakistan. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 5(4), em0169. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/11194

Vancouver

Zia S, Siddique S, Hussain S, Bano T, Shahzad M. USAID: Investing in Primary Education for the Sustainable Development of Pakistan. EUR J SUSTAIN DEV RES. 2021;5(4):em0169. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/11194

AMA

Zia S, Siddique S, Hussain S, Bano T, Shahzad M. USAID: Investing in Primary Education for the Sustainable Development of Pakistan. EUR J SUSTAIN DEV RES. 2021;5(4), em0169. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/11194

Chicago

Zia, Sajida, Sobia Siddique, Saddam Hussain, Tehzeeb Bano, and Mehak Shahzad. "USAID: Investing in Primary Education for the Sustainable Development of Pakistan". European Journal of Sustainable Development Research 2021 5 no. 4 (2021): em0169. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/11194

Harvard

Zia, S., Siddique, S., Hussain, S., Bano, T., and Shahzad, M. (2021). USAID: Investing in Primary Education for the Sustainable Development of Pakistan. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 5(4), em0169. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/11194

MLA

Zia, Sajida et al. "USAID: Investing in Primary Education for the Sustainable Development of Pakistan". European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, vol. 5, no. 4, 2021, em0169. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/11194